Assessment of Urban Water Resources System’s Spatio-temporal Vulnerability in Birnin Kebbi, Northwestern Nigeria

Umar, Abdullahi; Adamu, Ismaila Alfa; Mafara, Saadu Abubakar; Hamza, Salahu Muhammed; Aliyu, Hadi; Wali, Saadu Umar

doi:10.22077/jdcr.2025.10373.1181

Assessment of Urban Water Resources System’s Spatio-temporal Vulnerability in Birnin Kebbi, Northwestern Nigeria

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Abdullahi Umar ¹

Ismaila Alfa Adamu ²

Saadu Abubakar Mafara ³

Salahu Muhammed Hamza ⁴

Hadi Aliyu ¹

Saadu Umar Wali ¹

¹ Department of Geography, Faculty of Social and Management Sciences, Federal University, Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria

² Department of Geography, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.

³ Department of Environmental and Resources Management, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto State, Nigeria

⁴ Department of Civil Engineering, Hussaini Adamu Federal Polytechnic, Kazaure, Jigawa State, Nigeria.

https://doi.org/10.22077/jdcr.2025.10373.1181

Abstract

This article was aimed at assessing vulnerability of the urban water resources system (UWRS) in Birnin Kebbi, Northwestern Nigeria. Multi-dimensional data obtained from various organisations were input into a modified Driving-Force, Pressure, State, Impact and Response System (DPSIR) framework. The Model generated consists of fifteen (15) evaluation factors/indicators that are relevant to the study area’s peculiarities. UWRS vulnerability grades were categorized. Vulnerability intensities of factors were computed. Patterns of how each pair of the model’s factors behaved (from 1990 to 2020) were generated in PAST3.2 environment. Results showed an increase in resilience trends. Resilience has been shown to have more pronounced negative correlations between the sub-systems’ indicators in the post-2000 years. This suggests vulnerability transitions as not all parts of the system moved in concurrence across the decades. In the early 1990s, vulnerabilities were rising together (some positive correlations for short distances), but over time, divergences appeared. The overall vulnerability indicated resilience transition because correlations across the board (red to blue and other cells' colours in the heat map) appeared, including strong negatives implying internal dynamics that push back against uniform change in the system. We conclude that this implies evidence of adaptive management and resilience from the authorities' Responses. The study is crucial because it successfully modelled study area’s UWRS’s resilience/vulnerability patterns.

Keywords

DPSIR

resilience trends

hydrometeorological hazard

transitions

water supply

Subjects