Document Type : Original Article
Author
Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Ilam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ilam, Iran.
Abstract
This study compares the effect of trees on the thermal comfort of pedestrians in urban streets with and without trees. This study used a survey and field method to investigate the effect of removing old trees and vegetation (boxwood, grass, and flowering shrubs) on the thermal comfort of pedestrians in four streets of Ilam. The statistical population consisted of 384 people (96 people per street) who were selected by simple random sampling. Data were collected using the American ASHRAE-55 standard questionnaire for subjective assessment of thermal comfort and MIC98586 data logger tools for recording climatic variables, Fluke 975 Air Meter for recording CO₂ concentration values, and TES1326 laser thermometer for recording skin surface temperature. Then, the data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and multivariate linear regression in SPSS27 software to examine the relationship between climatic variables and thermal comfort. The findings showed that the mean and standard deviation of the thermal comfort status of pedestrians for the treeless streets of Taleghani and Samandari are 0.52 ± 0.049 and 1.67 ± 0.745, respectively, and for the tree-lined streets of Pasdaran West and Pasdaran East-Middle, they are 1.43 ± 0.125 and 1.54 ± 0.325, respectively. The results showed that the presence of vegetation and trees in the walls of urban streets, due to their stable environmental reactivity, plays an important role in reducing the thermal crisis and the city's thermal island and preventing changes in thermal comfort status in urban microclimates.
Keywords
Main Subjects
Aghamolaei, R., Azizi, M M., Aminzadeh, B., &O’Donnell J. (2023). A comprehensive review of outdoor thermal comfort in urban areas: Effective parameters and approaches. Energy & Environment. 34(6), 2204-2227. [In Persian] https://doi.org/10.1177/0958305X2211161
Aghamolaei, R., Fallahpour, M., & Mirzaei, PA. (2021). Tempo-spatial thermal comfort analysis of urban heat island with coupling of CFD and building energy simulation. Energy Build . 251, 111317. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111317
An, S M., Kim, B., Lee, HY., Yi, CY., Joshi, N., & Wende, W. (2024). Views Rather than Radiosity: A Study on Urban Cover View Factor Mapping and Utilization. Remote Sensing. 16(24), 4618. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16244618
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55. (2020). Thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA.
Asgari, M., Etemad, V., Ahmadali, K., Abdi, E., Zare, S., & Javanmiripour, M. (2024). Determining the water requirement of Tehran pine and bitter olive species at different growth ages under drought stress conditions. Journal of Drought and Climate Change Research. 2(1), 59-. [In Persian]. doi: 10.22077/jdcr.2024.7076.1056
Azmoudeh, M. (2021). How plants function in adjusting parameters affecting thermal comfort in urban space. Research example: Urban green wall in Tehran. Geography and Environmental Planning. 32(3), 67-80 . [In Pesian]
Azmoudeh, M., &Heydari, S. (2017). The effect of urban green walls on reducing microclimate temperatures and the urban heat island effect. Environmental Science and Technology. 5(19), 597-606 . [In Persian]
Blau, ML., Luz, F., & Panagopoulos, T. (2018). Urban river recovery inspired by nature-based solutions and biophilic design in Albufeira, Portugal. Land. 7:141. https://doi.org/10.3390/land7040141
Cai, B., Shao, Z., Fang, S., & Huang, X. (2022). Quantifying Dynamic Coupling Coordination Degree of Human–Environmental Interactions During Urban–Rural Land Transitions of China. Land. 11(3), 935. doi:10.3390/land11060935.
Cascone, S., &Gagliano, A. (2022). Recycled agricultural plastic waste as green roof drainage layer within the perspective of ecological transition for the built environment. Journal of Cleaner Production. 380,135032. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135032
Chen, Y., Feng, X., Tian, H., Wu, X., Gao, Z., & Feng, Y.etal. (2021). “Accelerated Increase in Vegetation Carbon Sequestration in China After 2010: A Turning Point Resulting from Climate and Human Interaction. Global Change Biology. 27 (22), 5848–5864. doi:10.1111/gcb.15854.
Chun, C., & Tamura, A. (2005) Thermal comfort in urban transitional spaces. Building and Environment. 40(5), 633-639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.08.001
Detommaso, M., Gagliano, A., Marletta, L., & Nocera, F. (2021). Sustainable Urban Greening and Cooling Strategies for Thermal Comfort at Pedestrian Level. Sustainability. 13(6), 3138. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063138
Dlamini, S., Tesfamichael, S G., Breetzke, G D., & Mokhele T. (2021). “Spatio-Temporal Patterns and Changes in Environmental Attitudes and Place Attachmen.t in Gauteng, South Africa. Geo-Spatial Information Science. 24 (4): 666–677. doi:10.1080/10095020.2021.1976599
Fabbri, K., Ugolini, A., Iacovella, A., & Bianchi, A P. (2020). The effect of vegetation in outdoor thermal comfort in archaeological area in urban context Build. Environ. 175,106816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.106816
Fakhri, M. (2024). Study of the temperature changes in Iran compared to the past long-term climate standard period. Journal of Drought and Climate Change Research. 2(3), 17-32. [In Persian] doi: 10.22077/jdcr.2024.7392.1062
Fan, L., Zhao, M., Huo, J., Sha, Y., & Zhou, Y. (2025). The Impact of Vegetation Layouts on Thermal Comfort in Urban Main Streets: A Case Study of Youth Street in Shenyang. Sustainability. 17(4), 1755. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041755
Farzaneh, M., & Bani Mustafa Arab, F. (2023). Analysis of Climate Change Adaptation Laws in Developed Countries. Journal of Drought and Climate Change Research. 1(1), 49-70. [In Persian] doi: 10.22077/jdcr.2023.6024.1009
aFatahi, K., nasrullahi, N., ansarimanesh, M., khodakarami, J., & emranipour, A. (2021). Investigating the role of geometry and type of urban open space on thermal comfort and environmental quality (Case study: Kashan historical part). Motaleate Shahri. 10(39), 69-82. [In Persian]. doi: 10.34785/J011.2021.138
Fatahi, K., & Beigi, M. (2024). Assessing the state of cognitive performance of employees and determining the range of thermal comfort of different genders in Ilam hospitals. Tkj. 16 (3), 27-41.(In Persian) URL: http://tkj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1324-fa.html
bFatahi, K., Nasrollahi, N., & Ansarimanesh, M.etal. (2021) Comparison of Thermal Comfort Range of Finn Garden and Historical texture of Kashan. Naqshejahan. 11 (1), 53-63. [In Persian].
Ghaffarianhoseini, A., Berardi, U., Ghaffarianhoseini, A., & Al-Obaidi, K. (2019). Analyzing the thermal comfort conditions of outdoor spaces in a university campus in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Sci. Total Environ. 666, 1327–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.284
Guan, X., Shen, H., Li, X., Gan, W., & Zhang, L. (2019). A Long-Term and Comprehensive Assessment of the Urbanization-Induced Impacts on Vegetation Net Primary Productivity. The Science of the Total Environ. 669, 342–352. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.361
Hashemin, S A., Zarkesh, A., Higueras Garcia, E., & Suzanchi, K. (2022) Effect of tree planting design on human thermal comfort at microclimate scale; Case study: Faculty of Art and Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University. Naqshejahan. 12 (2), 138-158. [In Persian]. URL: http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-61858-en.html
Jamei, E., & Rajagopalan, P. (2017) Urban development and pedestrian thermal comfort in Melbourne. Sol Energy . 144, 681–698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2017.01.023
Jia, F., Cao, Y., Gao, W., Yao, W., Meng, X., & Wang, C.etal. (2024). A new quantitative method for evaluating the impact of garden greening on outdoor thermal environment in summer - A case study of Japanese residential gardens. Sustainable Cities and Society.117, 105962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2024.105962
Ka-Lun Lau, k., & Yin Choi, C.(2021) The influence of perceived aesthetic and acoustic quality on outdoor thermal comfort in urban environment. Building and Environment. 206, 108333. DOI:10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108333
Lai, D., Liu, W., Gan, T., Liu, K., & Chen, Q.(2019) A review of mitigating strategies to improve the thermal environment and thermal comfort in urban outdoor spaces. Science of The Total Environment.661, 337-353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.062
Lindenmayer, D B., Laurance, W. F., Franklin, J. F., Likens, G. E., Banks, S. C., Blanchard, W, etal. (2014). New policies for old trees: averting a global crisis in a keystone ecological structure. Conservation Letters. 7(1), 61-69. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12013
aLiu, X., Ming, Y., & Liu, Y., et al. (2022) Influences of landform and urban form factors on urban heat island: comparative case study between Chengdu and Chongqing. Sci Total Environ. 820, 153395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153395
Liu, Y., Yu, Z., Song, Y., Yu, X., Zhang, J., & Song, D. (2024). Psychological influence of sky view factor and green view index on daytime thermal comfort of pedestrians in Shanghai. Urban Climate.56, 102014. doi: 10.22108/gep.2021.128810.1424
bLiu, H., Lim, J Y., Thet, BWH., Lai, PY., & Koh, WS .(2022). Evaluating the impact of tree morphologies and planting densities on outdoor thermal comfort in tropical residential precincts in Singapore . Building and Environment.221, 109268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109268
Lotfi, S,. Saadatnia, M A., Moradian, M H., & Poursartip, L. (2020). Investigation of biomechanical properties of black pine using stress wave and resistography techniques. Iranian Wood and Paper Science Research. 36(2), 144-156. [In Persian]. doi: 10.22092/ijwpr.2021.352921.1652
Meili, N., Acero, J A., Peleg, N., Manoli, G., Burlando. P., & Fatichi, S.(2021) Vegetation cover and plant-trait effects on outdoor thermal comfort in a tropical city. Building and Environment. 195, 107733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107733Get rights and content
Mohite, S., & Surawar, M.(2024) Impact of urban street geometry on outdoor pedestrian thermal comfort during heatwave in Nagpur city. Sustainable Cities and Society.108, 105450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2024.105450
Monjezi, N M., & Moghadam, A E. (2021) Investigating the PMV Index in Thermal Comfort of Urban Open Spaces in Summer Case Study: Pedestrian Walkway Near the River, Khorramabad, Lorestan. Scientific Journal Urban Design Discourse .2(3),19-41. [In Persian] .URL: http://udd.modares.ac.ir/article-40-58440-en.html
Perini, K., & Magliocco, A.(2014) Effects of vegetation, urban density, building height, and atmospheric conditions on local temperatures and thermal comfort. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 13(3), 495-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2014.03.003
Picot, X.(2004) Thermal comfort in urban spaces: impact of vegetation growth: Case study: Piazza della Scienza, Milan, Italy. Energy and Buildings. 36(4), 329-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2004.01.044
Quadros, B.M., & Mizgier, M.G.O.(2023). Urban green infrastructures to improve pedestrian thermal comfort: A systematic review. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening.88, 128091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2023.128091
Rosenzweig, C., Solecki, W. D., Romero-Lankao, P., Mehrotra, S., Dhakal, S., & Ibrahim, S. A. .et al.( 2018). Climate Change and Cities: Second Assessment Report of the Urban Climate Change Research Network (Cambridge University Press)
Sachs, J D., Schmidt-Traub, G., Mazzucato, M., Messner, D., Nakicenovi, c N., & Rockström, J. (2019). “Six Transformations to Achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. Nature Sustainability .2 (9), 805–814. doi:10.1038/s41893-019-0352-9.
Tang, Y F., WenY, B., Chen, H., Tan, Z C., Yao, YH., & Zhao, F Y. (2023). Airflow mitigation and pollutant purification in an idealized urban street canyon with wind driven natural ventilation: cooperating and opposing effects of roadside tree plantings and non-uniform building heights. Sustainable Cities and Society. 92, 104483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2023.104483
Vatani, M., Kiani, K., Mahdavinejad, Mj., & Georgescu, M.(2024). Evaluating the effects of different tree species on enhancing outdoor thermal comfort in a post-industrial landscape. Environmental Research Letters. 19, 6. [In Persian]. DOI : 10.1088/1748-9326/ad49b7
Wu, H., Jin, R., Liu, M., Nie, Z., Zhao, H., & Yao, L.etal.(2024). Investigating the potential of street trees in mitigating pedestrian thermal stress during heatwaves conditions: An empirical study in Guangzhou. Building and Environment.265,111955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.111955
Xiao, Q., Fan, X., Guo, Y., Li, S., He, W., & Deng, Y .etal.(2024). Tree form characteristics as criteria for tree species selection to improve pedestrian thermal comfort in street canyons: Case study of a humid subtropical city. Sustainable Cities and Society.105, 105339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2024.105339
Yin, S., Wang, F., Xiao, Y., & Xue, S.(2022) Comparing cooling efficiency of shading strategies for pedestrian thermal comfort in street canyons of traditional shophouse neighbourhoods in Guangzhou, China. Urban Climate. 43, 101165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2022.101165
Zhang, T., Hong,. B, Su,. X, Li, Y., & Song, L.(2022). Effects of tree seasonal characteristics on thermal-visual perception and thermal comfort. Building and Environment.212, 108793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.108793
Zhang, L., Wei, D., Hou, Y., Du, J., Liu, Z., Zhang, G., & Shi, L. (2020) Outdoor Thermal Comfort of Urban Park—A Case Study. Sustainability.12(5), 1961. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12051961
Zhong, J., Liu, J., Jiao, L., Lian, X., Xu, Z., & Zhou, Z. (2021). Assessing the Comprehensive Impacts of Different Urbanization Process on Vegetation Net Primary Productivity in Wuhan, China, from 1990 to 2020. Sustainable Cities and Society. 75, 103295. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2021.103295.
Aghamolaei, R., Fallahpour, M., & Mirzaei, PA. (2021). Tempo-spatial thermal comfort analysis of urban heat island with coupling of CFD and building energy simulation. Energy Build . 251, 111317. [In Persian]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111317
An, S M., Kim, B., Lee, HY., Yi, CY., Joshi, N., & Wende, W. (2024). Views Rather than Radiosity: A Study on Urban Cover View Factor Mapping and Utilization. Remote Sensing. 16(24), 4618. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16244618
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55. (2020). Thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, GA.
Asgari, M., Etemad, V., Ahmadali, K., Abdi, E., Zare, S., & Javanmiripour, M. (2024). Determining the water requirement of Tehran pine and bitter olive species at different growth ages under drought stress conditions. Journal of Drought and Climate Change Research. 2(1), 59-. [In Persian]. doi: 10.22077/jdcr.2024.7076.1056
Azmoudeh, M. (2021). How plants function in adjusting parameters affecting thermal comfort in urban space. Research example: Urban green wall in Tehran. Geography and Environmental Planning. 32(3), 67-80 . [In Pesian]
Azmoudeh, M., &Heydari, S. (2017). The effect of urban green walls on reducing microclimate temperatures and the urban heat island effect. Environmental Science and Technology. 5(19), 597-606 . [In Persian]
Blau, ML., Luz, F., & Panagopoulos, T. (2018). Urban river recovery inspired by nature-based solutions and biophilic design in Albufeira, Portugal. Land. 7:141. https://doi.org/10.3390/land7040141
Cai, B., Shao, Z., Fang, S., & Huang, X. (2022). Quantifying Dynamic Coupling Coordination Degree of Human–Environmental Interactions During Urban–Rural Land Transitions of China. Land. 11(3), 935. doi:10.3390/land11060935.
Cascone, S., &Gagliano, A. (2022). Recycled agricultural plastic waste as green roof drainage layer within the perspective of ecological transition for the built environment. Journal of Cleaner Production. 380,135032. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135032
Chen, Y., Feng, X., Tian, H., Wu, X., Gao, Z., & Feng, Y.etal. (2021). “Accelerated Increase in Vegetation Carbon Sequestration in China After 2010: A Turning Point Resulting from Climate and Human Interaction. Global Change Biology. 27 (22), 5848–5864. doi:10.1111/gcb.15854.
Chun, C., & Tamura, A. (2005) Thermal comfort in urban transitional spaces. Building and Environment. 40(5), 633-639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.08.001
Detommaso, M., Gagliano, A., Marletta, L., & Nocera, F. (2021). Sustainable Urban Greening and Cooling Strategies for Thermal Comfort at Pedestrian Level. Sustainability. 13(6), 3138. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063138
Dlamini, S., Tesfamichael, S G., Breetzke, G D., & Mokhele T. (2021). “Spatio-Temporal Patterns and Changes in Environmental Attitudes and Place Attachmen.t in Gauteng, South Africa. Geo-Spatial Information Science. 24 (4): 666–677. doi:10.1080/10095020.2021.1976599
Fabbri, K., Ugolini, A., Iacovella, A., & Bianchi, A P. (2020). The effect of vegetation in outdoor thermal comfort in archaeological area in urban context Build. Environ. 175,106816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.106816
Fakhri, M. (2024). Study of the temperature changes in Iran compared to the past long-term climate standard period. Journal of Drought and Climate Change Research. 2(3), 17-32. [In Persian] doi: 10.22077/jdcr.2024.7392.1062
Fan, L., Zhao, M., Huo, J., Sha, Y., & Zhou, Y. (2025). The Impact of Vegetation Layouts on Thermal Comfort in Urban Main Streets: A Case Study of Youth Street in Shenyang. Sustainability. 17(4), 1755. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041755
Farzaneh, M., & Bani Mustafa Arab, F. (2023). Analysis of Climate Change Adaptation Laws in Developed Countries. Journal of Drought and Climate Change Research. 1(1), 49-70. [In Persian] doi: 10.22077/jdcr.2023.6024.1009
aFatahi, K., nasrullahi, N., ansarimanesh, M., khodakarami, J., & emranipour, A. (2021). Investigating the role of geometry and type of urban open space on thermal comfort and environmental quality (Case study: Kashan historical part). Motaleate Shahri. 10(39), 69-82. [In Persian]. doi: 10.34785/J011.2021.138
Fatahi, K., & Beigi, M. (2024). Assessing the state of cognitive performance of employees and determining the range of thermal comfort of different genders in Ilam hospitals. Tkj. 16 (3), 27-41.(In Persian) URL: http://tkj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1324-fa.html
bFatahi, K., Nasrollahi, N., & Ansarimanesh, M.etal. (2021) Comparison of Thermal Comfort Range of Finn Garden and Historical texture of Kashan. Naqshejahan. 11 (1), 53-63. [In Persian].
Ghaffarianhoseini, A., Berardi, U., Ghaffarianhoseini, A., & Al-Obaidi, K. (2019). Analyzing the thermal comfort conditions of outdoor spaces in a university campus in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Sci. Total Environ. 666, 1327–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.284
Guan, X., Shen, H., Li, X., Gan, W., & Zhang, L. (2019). A Long-Term and Comprehensive Assessment of the Urbanization-Induced Impacts on Vegetation Net Primary Productivity. The Science of the Total Environ. 669, 342–352. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.361
Hashemin, S A., Zarkesh, A., Higueras Garcia, E., & Suzanchi, K. (2022) Effect of tree planting design on human thermal comfort at microclimate scale; Case study: Faculty of Art and Architecture, Tarbiat Modares University. Naqshejahan. 12 (2), 138-158. [In Persian]. URL: http://bsnt.modares.ac.ir/article-2-61858-en.html
Jamei, E., & Rajagopalan, P. (2017) Urban development and pedestrian thermal comfort in Melbourne. Sol Energy . 144, 681–698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2017.01.023
Jia, F., Cao, Y., Gao, W., Yao, W., Meng, X., & Wang, C.etal. (2024). A new quantitative method for evaluating the impact of garden greening on outdoor thermal environment in summer - A case study of Japanese residential gardens. Sustainable Cities and Society.117, 105962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2024.105962
Ka-Lun Lau, k., & Yin Choi, C.(2021) The influence of perceived aesthetic and acoustic quality on outdoor thermal comfort in urban environment. Building and Environment. 206, 108333. DOI:10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108333
Lai, D., Liu, W., Gan, T., Liu, K., & Chen, Q.(2019) A review of mitigating strategies to improve the thermal environment and thermal comfort in urban outdoor spaces. Science of The Total Environment.661, 337-353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.062
Lindenmayer, D B., Laurance, W. F., Franklin, J. F., Likens, G. E., Banks, S. C., Blanchard, W, etal. (2014). New policies for old trees: averting a global crisis in a keystone ecological structure. Conservation Letters. 7(1), 61-69. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12013
aLiu, X., Ming, Y., & Liu, Y., et al. (2022) Influences of landform and urban form factors on urban heat island: comparative case study between Chengdu and Chongqing. Sci Total Environ. 820, 153395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153395
Liu, Y., Yu, Z., Song, Y., Yu, X., Zhang, J., & Song, D. (2024). Psychological influence of sky view factor and green view index on daytime thermal comfort of pedestrians in Shanghai. Urban Climate.56, 102014. doi: 10.22108/gep.2021.128810.1424
bLiu, H., Lim, J Y., Thet, BWH., Lai, PY., & Koh, WS .(2022). Evaluating the impact of tree morphologies and planting densities on outdoor thermal comfort in tropical residential precincts in Singapore . Building and Environment.221, 109268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109268
Lotfi, S,. Saadatnia, M A., Moradian, M H., & Poursartip, L. (2020). Investigation of biomechanical properties of black pine using stress wave and resistography techniques. Iranian Wood and Paper Science Research. 36(2), 144-156. [In Persian]. doi: 10.22092/ijwpr.2021.352921.1652
Meili, N., Acero, J A., Peleg, N., Manoli, G., Burlando. P., & Fatichi, S.(2021) Vegetation cover and plant-trait effects on outdoor thermal comfort in a tropical city. Building and Environment. 195, 107733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107733Get rights and content
Mohite, S., & Surawar, M.(2024) Impact of urban street geometry on outdoor pedestrian thermal comfort during heatwave in Nagpur city. Sustainable Cities and Society.108, 105450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2024.105450
Monjezi, N M., & Moghadam, A E. (2021) Investigating the PMV Index in Thermal Comfort of Urban Open Spaces in Summer Case Study: Pedestrian Walkway Near the River, Khorramabad, Lorestan. Scientific Journal Urban Design Discourse .2(3),19-41. [In Persian] .URL: http://udd.modares.ac.ir/article-40-58440-en.html
Perini, K., & Magliocco, A.(2014) Effects of vegetation, urban density, building height, and atmospheric conditions on local temperatures and thermal comfort. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 13(3), 495-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2014.03.003
Picot, X.(2004) Thermal comfort in urban spaces: impact of vegetation growth: Case study: Piazza della Scienza, Milan, Italy. Energy and Buildings. 36(4), 329-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2004.01.044
Quadros, B.M., & Mizgier, M.G.O.(2023). Urban green infrastructures to improve pedestrian thermal comfort: A systematic review. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening.88, 128091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2023.128091
Rosenzweig, C., Solecki, W. D., Romero-Lankao, P., Mehrotra, S., Dhakal, S., & Ibrahim, S. A. .et al.( 2018). Climate Change and Cities: Second Assessment Report of the Urban Climate Change Research Network (Cambridge University Press)
Sachs, J D., Schmidt-Traub, G., Mazzucato, M., Messner, D., Nakicenovi, c N., & Rockström, J. (2019). “Six Transformations to Achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. Nature Sustainability .2 (9), 805–814. doi:10.1038/s41893-019-0352-9.
Tang, Y F., WenY, B., Chen, H., Tan, Z C., Yao, YH., & Zhao, F Y. (2023). Airflow mitigation and pollutant purification in an idealized urban street canyon with wind driven natural ventilation: cooperating and opposing effects of roadside tree plantings and non-uniform building heights. Sustainable Cities and Society. 92, 104483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2023.104483
Vatani, M., Kiani, K., Mahdavinejad, Mj., & Georgescu, M.(2024). Evaluating the effects of different tree species on enhancing outdoor thermal comfort in a post-industrial landscape. Environmental Research Letters. 19, 6. [In Persian]. DOI : 10.1088/1748-9326/ad49b7
Wu, H., Jin, R., Liu, M., Nie, Z., Zhao, H., & Yao, L.etal.(2024). Investigating the potential of street trees in mitigating pedestrian thermal stress during heatwaves conditions: An empirical study in Guangzhou. Building and Environment.265,111955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.111955
Xiao, Q., Fan, X., Guo, Y., Li, S., He, W., & Deng, Y .etal.(2024). Tree form characteristics as criteria for tree species selection to improve pedestrian thermal comfort in street canyons: Case study of a humid subtropical city. Sustainable Cities and Society.105, 105339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2024.105339
Yin, S., Wang, F., Xiao, Y., & Xue, S.(2022) Comparing cooling efficiency of shading strategies for pedestrian thermal comfort in street canyons of traditional shophouse neighbourhoods in Guangzhou, China. Urban Climate. 43, 101165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2022.101165
Zhang, T., Hong,. B, Su,. X, Li, Y., & Song, L.(2022). Effects of tree seasonal characteristics on thermal-visual perception and thermal comfort. Building and Environment.212, 108793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.108793
Zhang, L., Wei, D., Hou, Y., Du, J., Liu, Z., Zhang, G., & Shi, L. (2020) Outdoor Thermal Comfort of Urban Park—A Case Study. Sustainability.12(5), 1961. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12051961
Zhong, J., Liu, J., Jiao, L., Lian, X., Xu, Z., & Zhou, Z. (2021). Assessing the Comprehensive Impacts of Different Urbanization Process on Vegetation Net Primary Productivity in Wuhan, China, from 1990 to 2020. Sustainable Cities and Society. 75, 103295. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2021.103295.
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