University of Birjand-Research Group of Drought and Climate Change Journal of Drought and Climate change Research 3092-6076 3 2 2025 08 23 Analysis of Laws to Mitigate GHGs Emission in Developed Countries Analysis of Laws to Mitigate GHGs Emission in Developed Countries 1 18 3422 10.22077/jdcr.2025.8866.1111 FA MohammadReza Farzaneh Research Group of Environmental Engineering and Pollution Monitoring, Research Center for Environment and Sustainable Development (RCESD), Department of Environment, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-6539-0981 Faeze Banimostafaarab M.Sc of Financial Mathematics, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran. Mandana Maghsudi Center for Air Pollution & Climate Change Environment Protection Organization,Tehran,Iran Journal Article 2025 01 31 This s tudy examines the evolution of greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation laws in developed countries, focusing on legislative trends, policy frameworks, and their role in global climate governance. Using the Human Development Index (HDI) to classify developed nations, mitigation laws were sys tematically extracted from the Climate Change Laws of the World (CCLW) database. The s tudy categorizes these laws into resource, actor, and governance sys tems within a socio-ecological framework, further subdivided into 19 key subsys tems. Since 1976, 59 developed countries have enacted 367 mitigation laws, accounting for 62% of global mitigation legislation. While early laws were limited in scope, the enactment of international agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol (1997) and the Paris Agreement (2015) accelerated legislative efforts. The mos t subs tantial increase occurred after 2000, with Germany leading in legislative activity. Despite progress, challenges persis t, including enforcement gaps, financial cons traints, and conflicting economic priorities, which can hinder the effectiveness of these laws. A temporal and spatial analysis of mitigation laws indicates a shift from isolated policies to comprehensive s trategies incorporating financial mechanisms, carbon pricing, and green economic initiatives. Europe leads in legislative efforts, followed by the Americas and Asia. The s tudy also highlights the predominant focus on energy, transport, and building sectors, emphasizing the role of policy in driving low-carbon transitions. While these laws contribute to emission reduction, further research is needed to assess their real impact, policy coherence, and enforcement mechanisms. S trengthening implementation frameworks will be essential to achieving long-term climate goals. This s tudy examines the evolution of greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation laws in developed countries, focusing on legislative trends, policy frameworks, and their role in global climate governance. Using the Human Development Index (HDI) to classify developed nations, mitigation laws were sys tematically extracted from the Climate Change Laws of the World (CCLW) database. The s tudy categorizes these laws into resource, actor, and governance sys tems within a socio-ecological framework, further subdivided into 19 key subsys tems. Since 1976, 59 developed countries have enacted 367 mitigation laws, accounting for 62% of global mitigation legislation. While early laws were limited in scope, the enactment of international agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol (1997) and the Paris Agreement (2015) accelerated legislative efforts. The mos t subs tantial increase occurred after 2000, with Germany leading in legislative activity. Despite progress, challenges persis t, including enforcement gaps, financial cons traints, and conflicting economic priorities, which can hinder the effectiveness of these laws. A temporal and spatial analysis of mitigation laws indicates a shift from isolated policies to comprehensive s trategies incorporating financial mechanisms, carbon pricing, and green economic initiatives. Europe leads in legislative efforts, followed by the Americas and Asia. The s tudy also highlights the predominant focus on energy, transport, and building sectors, emphasizing the role of policy in driving low-carbon transitions. While these laws contribute to emission reduction, further research is needed to assess their real impact, policy coherence, and enforcement mechanisms. S trengthening implementation frameworks will be essential to achieving long-term climate goals.

https://jdcr.birjand.ac.ir/article_3422_73640de25b7d656733ce2f808a330f18.pdf

University of Birjand-Research Group of Drought and Climate Change Journal of Drought and Climate change Research 3092-6076 3 2 2025 08 23 Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Magnetic NiFe2O4-Chitosan Nanocomposite for Cyanide Removal: A Sustainable Strategy for Water Resource Management Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Magnetic NiFe2O4-Chitosan Nanocomposite for Cyanide Removal: A Sustainable Strategy for Water Resource Management 19 36 3416 10.22077/jdcr.2025.8877.1113 FA Fatemeh Dymeh Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran. Ahmad Hajizadeh Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran. Ali Zeraatkar Moghaddam Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran. 0000-0001-8928-3171 Journal Article 2025 02 02 The growing issue of water scarcity, exacerbated by climate change and extended droughts, underscores the critical need for effective water and wastewater treatment strategies. In this study, NiFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized using a green synthesis approach in peppermint (Mentha) extract medium, ensuring an eco-friendly fabrication process. The magnetic nanoparticles were coated and modified with chitosan, resulting in a new nanocomposite with improved adsorption properties. This green-synthesized magnetic chitosan nanocomposite was characterized using FTIR, XRD, VSM, SEM, and TEM, and subsequently applied to remove cyanide from contaminated groundwater and industrial wastewater. The adsorption process was optimized through an experimental design procedure, achieving a maximum removal efficiency of 97.1 ± 3.8% at a 95% confidence level, closely matching the experimental results of 95.8 ± 7.7%. The results highlight the potential of this sustainable nanocomposite for water and wastewater treatment, aiding effective water resource management in the face of climate change and growing water scarcity. The growing issue of water scarcity, exacerbated by climate change and extended droughts, underscores the critical need for effective water and wastewater treatment strategies. In this study, NiFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized using a green synthesis approach in peppermint (Mentha) extract medium, ensuring an eco-friendly fabrication process. The magnetic nanoparticles were coated and modified with chitosan, resulting in a new nanocomposite with improved adsorption properties. This green-synthesized magnetic chitosan nanocomposite was characterized using FTIR, XRD, VSM, SEM, and TEM, and subsequently applied to remove cyanide from contaminated groundwater and industrial wastewater. The adsorption process was optimized through an experimental design procedure, achieving a maximum removal efficiency of 97.1 ± 3.8% at a 95% confidence level, closely matching the experimental results of 95.8 ± 7.7%. The results highlight the potential of this sustainable nanocomposite for water and wastewater treatment, aiding effective water resource management in the face of climate change and growing water scarcity.

https://jdcr.birjand.ac.ir/article_3416_1fffeb2192215ea34ce0aab63650534a.pdf

University of Birjand-Research Group of Drought and Climate Change Journal of Drought and Climate change Research 3092-6076 3 2 2025 08 23 Correlation of Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameter Fv/Fm with Physiological Development and Grain Yield in Local Wheat Cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) Under Water Deficit Stress in South Iraq Correlation of Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameter Fv/Fm with Physiological Development and Grain Yield in Local Wheat Cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) Under Water Deficit Stress in South Iraq 37 46 3348 10.22077/jdcr.2025.9006.1122 FA Majid Hameedi Abooda Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran ِAli Akbar Maghsoudi Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran 0000-0003-2731-9057 Ghasem Mohammadi-Nejad Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran Mohsin Abdulhay Desher Department of Soil Sciences and Water Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Iraq Journal Article 2025 02 24 This investigation aims to reveal the physiological responses of two local wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) to grain yield strived under the extreme conditions of desert environments. In arid and semi-arid regions where contemporary civilization relies on agriculture, we used a Chlorophyll Fluorometer linked to the WinControl-3 software, which enabled us to monitor the health status of the plant accurately. Conventional methods of assessing the health of the crops are beneficial to endeavor, but an infusion of technology as such enables effective resource management while increasing the efficiency of monitored physiological changes. We noted that with critical modular water deficit stress during vital stages of development, there is not a marked reduction in grain yield. The yield data collected at the end of April for the BUHOTH 22 cultivar reveals that the yield for the 6-day irrigation interval was 552 g/m², resulting in a total of 1380 kg for 2500 m². The parameter of fluorescence Fv/Fm was found to be the most important marker able to differentiate the physiological state over a period of time. This parameter is significant as it raises the standard of care and management of plants and determines the optimum irrigation proviso for arid regions, improving the yield of such areas. This study highlights the link between physiological changes in the plant life cycle and grain yield under water deficiency, emphasizing the need to integrate these physiological components into agricultural management strategies. Identifying these correlations enables farmers to swiftly address challenges in their work. This investigation aims to reveal the physiological responses of two local wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) to grain yield strived under the extreme conditions of desert environments. In arid and semi-arid regions where contemporary civilization relies on agriculture, we used a Chlorophyll Fluorometer linked to the WinControl-3 software, which enabled us to monitor the health status of the plant accurately. Conventional methods of assessing the health of the crops are beneficial to endeavor, but an infusion of technology as such enables effective resource management while increasing the efficiency of monitored physiological changes. We noted that with critical modular water deficit stress during vital stages of development, there is not a marked reduction in grain yield. The yield data collected at the end of April for the BUHOTH 22 cultivar reveals that the yield for the 6-day irrigation interval was 552 g/m², resulting in a total of 1380 kg for 2500 m². The parameter of fluorescence Fv/Fm was found to be the most important marker able to differentiate the physiological state over a period of time. This parameter is significant as it raises the standard of care and management of plants and determines the optimum irrigation proviso for arid regions, improving the yield of such areas. This study highlights the link between physiological changes in the plant life cycle and grain yield under water deficiency, emphasizing the need to integrate these physiological components into agricultural management strategies. Identifying these correlations enables farmers to swiftly address challenges in their work.

https://jdcr.birjand.ac.ir/article_3348_333cb763facc6ce398ff83845f224d62.pdf

University of Birjand-Research Group of Drought and Climate Change Journal of Drought and Climate change Research 3092-6076 3 2 2025 08 23 The Role of Potassium and Zinc Fertilization on Enhancing Climate Change Tolerance in Wheat Production in Basrah, Iraq The Role of Potassium and Zinc Fertilization on Enhancing Climate Change Tolerance in Wheat Production in Basrah, Iraq 47 56 3371 10.22077/jdcr.2025.9044.1123 FA Suad Gatea Khshan Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman,Iran Majid Fekri Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman,Kerman, Iran 0000-0001-5424-7154 Ghasem Mohammadi-Nejad Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran. Mohsin Abdulhay Desher Department of Soil Sciences and Water Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq. Naser Boroomand Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Journal Article 2025 03 02 It is estimated that by 2050, food production should increase by 70% to sustain the global population of 9.1 billion people. This research examines the setting interactions of potassium (K) and Zinc (Zn) on the salt tolerance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Basrah, Iraq where salt concentration in soil severely limits agricultural productivity. The experiment was carried out in sandy loam soil of moderate salinity employing a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with the wheat subjected to various nutrient treatments for 3 and 6-day intervals. The data indicates that both K and Zn individually and in combination considerably increased the height and yield of plants above the control. In other words, the control treatment resulted from drastic reductions in growth and yield over time. Nutrient management is essential. Strict salt management and the application of Zn and K increased the growth of wheat significantly more than did saline irrigation without Zn and K. These results highlight the importance of integrated nutrient management in increasing wheat productivity and resilience in regions with high salinity problems to help foster sustainable agriculture with rising environmental burden. It is estimated that by 2050, food production should increase by 70% to sustain the global population of 9.1 billion people. This research examines the setting interactions of potassium (K) and Zinc (Zn) on the salt tolerance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Basrah, Iraq where salt concentration in soil severely limits agricultural productivity. The experiment was carried out in sandy loam soil of moderate salinity employing a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with the wheat subjected to various nutrient treatments for 3 and 6-day intervals. The data indicates that both K and Zn individually and in combination considerably increased the height and yield of plants above the control. In other words, the control treatment resulted from drastic reductions in growth and yield over time. Nutrient management is essential. Strict salt management and the application of Zn and K increased the growth of wheat significantly more than did saline irrigation without Zn and K. These results highlight the importance of integrated nutrient management in increasing wheat productivity and resilience in regions with high salinity problems to help foster sustainable agriculture with rising environmental burden.

https://jdcr.birjand.ac.ir/article_3371_285da2198b2b496c9d447cc4ac6b0734.pdf

University of Birjand-Research Group of Drought and Climate Change Journal of Drought and Climate change Research 3092-6076 3 2 2025 08 23 Using Harvested Rainwater from Urban Grass Surfaces for Landscapes Irrigation: Considering the Effect of Slope on Run-off Coefficient Using Harvested Rainwater from Urban Grass Surfaces for Landscapes Irrigation: Considering the Effect of Slope on Run-off Coefficient 57 68 3423 10.22077/jdcr.2025.9077.1129 FA Farshid Taran Agricultural Engineering Research Institute (AERI); Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO); Karaj, Iran 0000-0001-6086-2970 Maryam Mohammadi Department of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran,Tehran, Iran. 0009-0007-3647-8929 Journal Article 2025 03 10 Efficient water management is crucial in arid and semi-arid regions like Iran. In this study, the potential of rainwater harvesting (RWH) for irrigating urban parks and landscapes in Zanjan, Iran, was evaluated. For this purpose, the rainfall data from the Zanjan synoptic station during the period 2014-2022 was used. Using the ArcGIS software, the area and slope of parks and landscapes was determined. The volume of harvested rainwater from these surfaces was estimated using different run-off coefficients for different slopes. The results indicated that the total area of parks and landscapes in Zanjan is 537200 m², with slopes ranging from 0% to 18.47%. The irrigation requirements are only partially met by the harvested rainwater, except for March, when we had the most rain. In January and February, rainwater meets 7.68% and 12.60% of the needs, respectively. In March, all the water requirement is met, with extra water stored for April. This stored water fully meets the water requirement in April, with some left for May, covering 18.94% of its demand. In May, 26.88% of the needs are met. From June to December, rainwater meets between 0.54% and 10.92% of the needs. March, April and May have the highest potential for meeting irrigation needs through RWH. This emphasizes the importance of constructing RWH reservoirs, which helps save municipal water and prevents rainwater from being wasted. Efficient water management is crucial in arid and semi-arid regions like Iran. In this study, the potential of rainwater harvesting (RWH) for irrigating urban parks and landscapes in Zanjan, Iran, was evaluated. For this purpose, the rainfall data from the Zanjan synoptic station during the period 2014-2022 was used. Using the ArcGIS software, the area and slope of parks and landscapes was determined. The volume of harvested rainwater from these surfaces was estimated using different run-off coefficients for different slopes. The results indicated that the total area of parks and landscapes in Zanjan is 537200 m², with slopes ranging from 0% to 18.47%. The irrigation requirements are only partially met by the harvested rainwater, except for March, when we had the most rain. In January and February, rainwater meets 7.68% and 12.60% of the needs, respectively. In March, all the water requirement is met, with extra water stored for April. This stored water fully meets the water requirement in April, with some left for May, covering 18.94% of its demand. In May, 26.88% of the needs are met. From June to December, rainwater meets between 0.54% and 10.92% of the needs. March, April and May have the highest potential for meeting irrigation needs through RWH. This emphasizes the importance of constructing RWH reservoirs, which helps save municipal water and prevents rainwater from being wasted.

https://jdcr.birjand.ac.ir/article_3423_3d324c2883882b15fa8fbe8f025a3a99.pdf

University of Birjand-Research Group of Drought and Climate Change Journal of Drought and Climate change Research 3092-6076 3 2 2025 09 01 Evaluation of Hybrid Metaheuristic Models in Estimating Electrical Conductivity (Case Study: Kakarza River, Lorestan Province) Evaluation of Hybrid Metaheuristic Models in Estimating Electrical Conductivity (Case Study: Kakarza River, Lorestan Province) 69 86 3619 10.22077/jdcr.2025.9196.1135 FA Ebrahim Nohani Department of Civil Engineering, Materials and Energy Research Center, Dez. C., Islamic Azad University, Dezful, Iran. 0000-0002-2692-6253 Hamidreza Babaali Department of Civil Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad branch, Khorramabad, Iran 0000-0001-9410-879X Reza Dehghani Department of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management, Lores tan Province Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Areeo,Khorramabad, Iran 0009-0008-3309-2286 Journal Article 2025 01 18 Electrical conductivity (EC) is an important indicator for monitoring water quality in rivers. Electrical conductivity is inherently related to the concentration of dissolved ionic compounds present in aquatic environments, including various salts and minerals. Estimating electrical conductivity is crucial for environmental monitoring and assessing the overall health of aquatic ecosystems. In this research, a hybrid intelligent model based on the Support Vector Regression (SVR) approach was developed to estimate the electrical conductivity of river water. For this purpose, three optimization algorithms, including Wavelet, Whale, and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), were used to model the electrical conductivity of the river flow. For modeling, statistics and information from the Kakarza River hydrometric station, located in Lorestan province, were used as a case study in 7 combined scenarios of input parameters for the years 2003-2023. To evaluate the performance of the models, the evaluation criteria of correlation coefficient, root mean square error, mean absolute error, and Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient were used. The results showed that combined scenarios in the models under investigation improve the model performance. Furthermore, the results obtained from the evaluation criteria showed that the Support Vector Regression-Wavelet model has a correlation coefficient of 0.980, a root mean square error of 0.344 (ppm), a mean absolute error of 0.172 (ppm), and a Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient of 0.985 in the validation phase. Overall, the results showed that the use of intelligent models based on the support vector regression approach can be an effective approach in river engineering sustainability. Electrical conductivity (EC) is an important indicator for monitoring water quality in rivers. Electrical conductivity is inherently related to the concentration of dissolved ionic compounds present in aquatic environments, including various salts and minerals. Estimating electrical conductivity is crucial for environmental monitoring and assessing the overall health of aquatic ecosystems. In this research, a hybrid intelligent model based on the Support Vector Regression (SVR) approach was developed to estimate the electrical conductivity of river water. For this purpose, three optimization algorithms, including Wavelet, Whale, and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), were used to model the electrical conductivity of the river flow. For modeling, statistics and information from the Kakarza River hydrometric station, located in Lorestan province, were used as a case study in 7 combined scenarios of input parameters for the years 2003-2023. To evaluate the performance of the models, the evaluation criteria of correlation coefficient, root mean square error, mean absolute error, and Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient were used. The results showed that combined scenarios in the models under investigation improve the model performance. Furthermore, the results obtained from the evaluation criteria showed that the Support Vector Regression-Wavelet model has a correlation coefficient of 0.980, a root mean square error of 0.344 (ppm), a mean absolute error of 0.172 (ppm), and a Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient of 0.985 in the validation phase. Overall, the results showed that the use of intelligent models based on the support vector regression approach can be an effective approach in river engineering sustainability.

https://jdcr.birjand.ac.ir/article_3619_820e694038fadbf9b60b834215b46fdb.pdf

University of Birjand-Research Group of Drought and Climate Change Journal of Drought and Climate change Research 3092-6076 3 2 2025 09 01 Metal-Modified Biochar: A Sustainable Approach for Microplastics Removal from Drainage Water Metal-Modified Biochar: A Sustainable Approach for Microplastics Removal from Drainage Water 87 110 3618 10.22077/jdcr.2025.9067.1127 FA Zeynab Alkasir Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Jaber Soltani Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Javad Amiri Department of Water Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Fasa University, Fasa, Iran. Seyyed Ebrahim Hashemi Garmdareh Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2025 03 08 Environmental pollution from heavy metals, dyes, and emerging contaminants such as microplastics has prompted the exploration of low-cost, sustainable adsorbents. Biochar, derived from biomass pyrolysis, has emerged as a promising candidate due to its porous structure, surface functionality, and potential for chemical modification. This paper aims to review the current strategies employed in the synthesis and modification of biochar-based composites and assess their efficiency in environmental remediation applications. A comprehensive literature review was conducted, emphasizing recent developments in biochar modification techniques including metal impregnation, clay integration, hydrothermal processing, and mechanochemical treatments. Modified biochars showed substantial improvement in adsorption performance compared to their pristine forms. For heavy metals, Fe-impregnated biochar achieved Pb(II) removal efficiencies exceeding 95% with adsorption capacities up to 123.4 mg/g. MgO-doped biochar exhibited a methylene blue dye removal capacity of 216.7 mg/g. In microplastic remediation, Fe–Mn-modified biochar demonstrated an adsorption capacity of 34.29 mg/g and removal efficiency of 88% for polystyrene microplastics under optimized conditions (pH 7, 25°C). Ball-milled biochar composites achieved up to 3-fold increases in surface area and enhanced metal–carbon interactions, leading to higher adsorption via hydrophobic, electrostatic, and π–π interactions. Metal oxide-loaded biochars consistently outperformed pristine biochars, particularly in systems with electrostatic or ion-exchange dominant sorption mechanisms. Biochar-based composites present a versatile and effective platform for environmental remediation. Their performance depends strongly on synthesis parameters and functional modifications. Integration of metals, oxides, and structural tailoring can significantly enhance sorption capabilities, making them viable alternatives to conventional adsorbents. Environmental pollution from heavy metals, dyes, and emerging contaminants such as microplastics has prompted the exploration of low-cost, sustainable adsorbents. Biochar, derived from biomass pyrolysis, has emerged as a promising candidate due to its porous structure, surface functionality, and potential for chemical modification. This paper aims to review the current strategies employed in the synthesis and modification of biochar-based composites and assess their efficiency in environmental remediation applications. A comprehensive literature review was conducted, emphasizing recent developments in biochar modification techniques including metal impregnation, clay integration, hydrothermal processing, and mechanochemical treatments. Modified biochars showed substantial improvement in adsorption performance compared to their pristine forms. For heavy metals, Fe-impregnated biochar achieved Pb(II) removal efficiencies exceeding 95% with adsorption capacities up to 123.4 mg/g. MgO-doped biochar exhibited a methylene blue dye removal capacity of 216.7 mg/g. In microplastic remediation, Fe–Mn-modified biochar demonstrated an adsorption capacity of 34.29 mg/g and removal efficiency of 88% for polystyrene microplastics under optimized conditions (pH 7, 25°C). Ball-milled biochar composites achieved up to 3-fold increases in surface area and enhanced metal–carbon interactions, leading to higher adsorption via hydrophobic, electrostatic, and π–π interactions. Metal oxide-loaded biochars consistently outperformed pristine biochars, particularly in systems with electrostatic or ion-exchange dominant sorption mechanisms. Biochar-based composites present a versatile and effective platform for environmental remediation. Their performance depends strongly on synthesis parameters and functional modifications. Integration of metals, oxides, and structural tailoring can significantly enhance sorption capabilities, making them viable alternatives to conventional adsorbents.

https://jdcr.birjand.ac.ir/article_3618_4da9d7b6d119db4d2d564a2197798380.pdf

University of Birjand-Research Group of Drought and Climate Change Journal of Drought and Climate change Research 3092-6076 3 2 2025 08 23 Impact of Livelihood-Based Social Protection on Climate Change Adaptation: Evidence From Rural Ethiopia Impact of Livelihood-Based Social Protection on Climate Change Adaptation: Evidence From Rural Ethiopia 111 132 3620 10.22077/jdcr.2025.9277.1138 FA Seid Ahmed Department of Sociology, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia 0009-0000-3455-8705 Journal Article 2025 04 24 The concern of climate change and its multifaceted social, economic, ecological, cultural, and political effects spire almost all developing countries. This requires a long-term commitment from government and non-government developmental entities. As well broadened understanding of how human societies – and the activities that take place within them – drive climate change. So this review paper aims to analyze and examine climate change-induced effects, and the impact of livelihood-based social protection on climate change adaptation of rural communities in Ethiopia. This has been carried out via a systematic literature review method to map out the thematic field under investigation through a scoping review and comprehensive assessment of findings, research, and practices regarding the concern of climate change. Indeed, most of the climate action undertaken in the rural part of the country lacks inclusiveness. Which is much more emphasized and viewed through the lens of ecological aspects. This undermines and neglects deep-rooted rural communities' livelihood systems and the social and attitudinal dimensions. Therefore, A rights-based approach holds considerable promise for injecting urgency and ambition into global climate action. While safeguarding the most vulnerable people in rural society focusing on equity and social justice offers both a compelling moral and ethical argument for action rather than the authoritative basis of advocacy. It helps to give voice to the most vulnerable groups, through designing livelihood-based social protection schemes as an approach and strategy for future climate change adaptation and mitigation action in the rural parts of the country. The concern of climate change and its multifaceted social, economic, ecological, cultural, and political effects spire almost all developing countries. This requires a long-term commitment from government and non-government developmental entities. As well broadened understanding of how human societies – and the activities that take place within them – drive climate change. So this review paper aims to analyze and examine climate change-induced effects, and the impact of livelihood-based social protection on climate change adaptation of rural communities in Ethiopia. This has been carried out via a systematic literature review method to map out the thematic field under investigation through a scoping review and comprehensive assessment of findings, research, and practices regarding the concern of climate change. Indeed, most of the climate action undertaken in the rural part of the country lacks inclusiveness. Which is much more emphasized and viewed through the lens of ecological aspects. This undermines and neglects deep-rooted rural communities' livelihood systems and the social and attitudinal dimensions. Therefore, A rights-based approach holds considerable promise for injecting urgency and ambition into global climate action. While safeguarding the most vulnerable people in rural society focusing on equity and social justice offers both a compelling moral and ethical argument for action rather than the authoritative basis of advocacy. It helps to give voice to the most vulnerable groups, through designing livelihood-based social protection schemes as an approach and strategy for future climate change adaptation and mitigation action in the rural parts of the country.

https://jdcr.birjand.ac.ir/article_3620_4baf54f36935058bcc696fcef3f4689b.pdf